Introduction of 7 wonders of world
The 7 great architectural masterpieces of ancient times are called the 7 Wonders of the World. This list of wonders was compiled between 204 and 305 BC. However, the above mentioned list fell victim to the vagaries of time. These 7 miracles are also mentioned in a poem of 140 BC. Among them, the “Pyramid of Egypt” is still there, while the rest fell victim to natural disasters like earthquakes and fires. The pyramids are one of the ancient wonders of Egypt.
The tallest pyramid is 482 feet high. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were built by King Bakht Nasr at a height of 300 feet above the ground in Iraq. The Mausoleum of Mausoleum was built by Queen Artemisia in 350 BC and was 60 feet tall. The Great Wall of China is one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages, with a length of 1500 feet and a height of 24 feet. Hagia Sophia is the largest mosque in the world in Istanbul, Turkey. The statue of Jupiter is also one of the ancient wonders, 40 feet high and made of ivory and marble. Now we discus the 7 wonders of world in detail one by one.
1. Taaj Mahal
The Taj Mahal is one of the most iconic and beautiful monuments in the world, renowned for its stunning architecture and historical significance. Here are some key points about the Taj Mahal:
Historical Background
- Construction: The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1632 in memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died during childbirth.
- Completion: Construction was completed in 1653, taking about 21 years and employing thousands of artisans and craftsmen from across the empire and beyond.
Architecture and Design
- Architectural Style: The Taj Mahal is a masterpiece of Mughal architecture, combining elements of Islamic, Persian, Ottoman Turkish, and Indian architectural styles.
- Main Structure: The central structure is a massive white marble mausoleum with a large dome and four smaller domes surrounding it. The main dome reaches a height of about 73 meters (240 feet).
- Symmetry: The Taj Mahal is known for its perfect symmetry, with the mausoleum at the center flanked by identical structures, including a mosque and a guest house.
- Inlay Work: The monument features exquisite inlay work with semi-precious stones such as jasper, jade, crystal, turquoise, and lapis lazuli, forming intricate floral patterns and calligraphy.
Gardens and Layout
- Charbagh Layout: The Taj Mahal is set within a vast garden known as the Charbagh, which follows the Persian-style layout divided into four parts by walkways and water channels, symbolizing the Islamic concept of Paradise.
- Reflecting Pool: A long reflecting pool runs from the entrance to the base of the mausoleum, creating a stunning visual effect.
Significance
- Symbol of Love: The Taj Mahal is often regarded as a symbol of eternal love due to its romantic origin and the story of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal.
- UNESCO World Heritage Site: It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 for being “the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world’s heritage.”
Tourism
- Attraction: The Taj Mahal attracts millions of visitors each year from around the world, making it one of the most popular tourist destinations in India.
- Preservation Efforts: Due to its historical and cultural significance, various efforts have been made to preserve and protect the Taj Mahal from environmental pollution and structural damage.
The Taj Mahal’s enduring beauty and historical importance make it a symbol of India’s rich cultural heritage and an architectural marvel admired globally.
2. Leaning Tower Of Pisa:
The Leaning Tower of Pisa is one of the most recognizable landmarks in the world, famous for its unintended tilt. It is located in the city of Pisa, Italy, and is part of the city’s cathedral complex known as the Campo dei Miracoli (Field of Miracles). Here are some key details about the Leaning Tower of Pisa:
Historical Background
- Construction: The construction of the tower began in August 1173 and continued in three stages over 199 years.
- Architects: The identity of the architect is still debated, but it is often attributed to Bonanno Pisano. The tower was completed by Giovanni di Simone and Tommaso Pisano.
- Purpose: The tower was designed as a freestanding bell tower for the nearby cathedral.
Architectural Features
- Design: The tower is constructed of white and grey marble and stands about 56 meters (183.3 feet) tall.
- Structure: It consists of eight stories, including the chamber for the seven bells, each corresponding to a musical note.
- Tilt: The tilt began during construction due to unstable foundation soil, which caused the foundation to shift. The tilt increased before the structure was completed and gradually worsened over the centuries.
Restoration and Stabilization
- Interventions: Over the years, numerous attempts were made to stabilize the tower and prevent its collapse. The most successful efforts took place between 1990 and 2001, involving soil extraction and counterweights to reduce the tilt.
- Current Tilt: The tower’s lean has been reduced from 5.5 degrees to about 3.97 degrees. It is considered stable for at least another 200 years.
Significance
- Cultural Impact: The Leaning Tower of Pisa is an iconic symbol of architectural challenges and human ingenuity. Its unique tilt has made it a subject of fascination and a popular tourist attraction.
- UNESCO World Heritage Site: The entire cathedral complex, including the Leaning Tower, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.
- Tourism: Visitors can climb the 294 steps to the top of the tower for a panoramic view of Pisa and the surrounding area.
Legends and Facts
- Galileo’s Experiment: According to legend, Galileo Galilei conducted experiments on gravity by dropping two spheres of different masses from the tower to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass.
- Popularity: The tower’s distinctive tilt has inspired countless photographs and creative poses by tourists, making it one of the most photographed landmarks in the world.
The Leaning Tower of Pisa stands as a testament to medieval engineering and the persistent efforts to preserve a piece of history despite natural challenges. Its unique charm and historical significance continue to captivate millions of visitors each year.
3. The Great Wall Of China
The Great Wall of China is one of the most remarkable feats of engineering in human history and an iconic symbol of Chinese culture and resilience. Here are some key points about the Great Wall of China:
Historical Background
- Origins: The origins of the Great Wall can be traced back to the 7th century BC during the Warring States period. However, the most famous sections were built between the 14th and 17th centuries during the Ming Dynasty.
- Purpose: The primary purpose of the Great Wall was to protect the Chinese states and empires from invasions and raids by various nomadic groups from the north, such as the Mongols and the Xiongnu.
Construction
- Materials: The construction materials varied depending on the local availability. In some regions, the wall was made from compacted earth and wood, while in others, it was constructed with bricks and stone.
- Labor Force: Building the wall required an enormous labor force, including soldiers, peasants, prisoners, and convicts. It is estimated that hundreds of thousands of workers participated in the construction over the centuries.
- Length: The Great Wall, with all its branches, stretches over 13,000 miles (21,196 kilometers) across northern China, making it the longest wall in the world.
Structure and Features
- Design: The Great Wall is not a continuous line but a series of walls and fortifications that vary in design, incorporating watchtowers, barracks, garrison stations, and signal towers.
- Height and Width: The wall’s height ranges from 15 to 30 feet (4.5 to 9 meters), and its width can be as much as 30 feet (9 meters) at its base, tapering to around 12 feet (3.7 meters) at the top.
- Watchtowers: The watchtowers were used for surveillance, communication, and housing troops. They were strategically placed at regular intervals to ensure maximum visibility and defense capabilities.
Historical Significance
- Defense Mechanism: The Great Wall served as an effective defense mechanism against invasions, although it was not impenetrable. It slowed down invaders and provided a means for Chinese forces to deploy troops and resources more efficiently.
- Cultural Symbol: Beyond its military function, the Great Wall symbolizes the strength and perseverance of the Chinese people and their ability to create monumental works.
- UNESCO World Heritage Site: In 1987, the Great Wall of China was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in recognition of its historical, cultural, and architectural significance.
Tourism and Preservation
- Tourist Attraction: The Great Wall attracts millions of visitors each year. Popular sections for tourists include Badaling, Mutianyu, and Jinshanling, which have been restored for easier access.
- Preservation Challenges: Due to natural erosion and human activities, many parts of the wall are in a state of disrepair. Efforts are ongoing to preserve and restore the Great Wall, balancing the need for tourism with the imperative of conservation.
Myths and Facts
- Visibility from Space: A common myth is that the Great Wall is visible from the Moon. While it is not visible from the Moon with the naked eye, it can be seen from low Earth orbit under certain conditions.
- Historical Accounts: Various dynasties contributed to the construction of the wall, but the most extensive work was done during the Ming Dynasty, which reinforced and expanded the wall to its present form.
The Great Wall of China remains an enduring symbol of China’s rich history. Representing the ingenuity, determination, and cultural heritage of the Chinese civilization.
4. Petra
Petra is an archaeological site in Jordan, renowned for its rock-cut architecture and water conduit system. It’s often referred to as the “Rose City” due to the color of the stone from which it is carved. Here are some key points about Petra:
Historical Background
- Origins: Petra was established around the 4th century BC as the capital of the Nabataean Kingdom. The Nabataeans were an Arab tribe who were adept traders and skilled in water conservation techniques.
- Flourishing Period: Petra thrived from the 4th century BC to the 2nd century AD, becoming a major trading hub that connected the silk and spice routes of China, India, Egypt, Greece, and Rome.
Architecture and Features
- Rock-Cut Architecture: Petra is famous for its structures carved directly into the pink sandstone cliffs. The most iconic of these is Al-Khazneh (The Treasury), which served as a mausoleum and crypt.
- Monuments: Other significant structures include the Monastery (Ad Deir), the Royal Tombs, the Roman Theater, and the Street of Facades.
- Water Management: The Nabataeans built an advanced water conduit system, including dams, cisterns, and water channels, which allowed them to control and conserve water in the arid region.
Rediscovery and Modern History
- Rediscovery: Petra was unknown to the Western world until 1812 when Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt rediscovered it. His writings brought Petra to the attention of historians and archaeologists.
- Excavations: Since its rediscovery, numerous archaeological excavations have taken place, uncovering more about the site’s history and the Nabataean civilization.
Significance
- Cultural Heritage: Petra is a symbol of Jordan’s rich historical and cultural heritage. It showcases the architectural and engineering prowess of the Nabataeans.
- UNESCO World Heritage Site: In 1985, Petra was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its unique cultural and historical significance.
- New Seven Wonders of the World: In 2007, Petra was named one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in a global poll.
Tourism and Preservation
- Tourist Attraction: Petra is one of the most visited tourist destinations in the Middle East. Its attracting hundreds of thousands of visitors annually.
- Conservation Efforts: Preservation efforts are ongoing to protect Petra from natural erosion, tourist impact, and environmental factors. The Petra National Trust and other organizations work to maintain the site’s integrity.
Cultural Impact
- In Popular Culture: Petra has been featured in various films, books, and documentaries, further enhancing its fame. One of the most famous appearances is in the movie “Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.”
- Symbol of Jordan: Petra is often used as a symbol of Jordan in tourism promotions and is considered one of the country’s national treasures.
Petra’s blend of natural beauty and human ingenuity makes it one of the most extraordinary archaeological sites in the world, offering a glimpse into the ancient Nabataean civilization and their remarkable achievements.
5. Colosseum
The Colosseum is also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre. It is one of the most iconic landmarks of ancient Rome and an enduring symbol of Roman engineering and architecture. Here are some key points about the Colosseum:
Historical Background
- Construction: The Colosseum was commissioned by Emperor Vespasian of the Flavian dynasty around AD 70-72. It completed in AD 80 by his son Titus, with further modifications made during the reign of Domitian.
- Purpose: It was built as a grand amphitheater for public spectacles, including gladiatorial contests, animal hunts, executions, reenactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology.
Architecture and Design
- Structure: The Colosseum is an elliptical structure, measuring about 189 meters (620 feet) long, 156 meters (512 feet) wide, and 50 meters (164 feet) high. It could hold an estimated 50,000 to 80,000 spectators.
- Materials: It was constructed using a combination of concrete, tuff (a type of limestone), and brick-faced concrete, with a facade covered in travertine limestone.
- Seating Arrangement: The seating was arranged in a tiered manner, reflecting the hierarchical nature of Roman society. The emperor and other elite members had the best views, while the general populace sat further away from the arena.
Features
- Hypogeum: Below the arena was the hypogeum, a complex network of tunnels and chambers where gladiators and animals were held before contests. The hypogeum also contained elevators and pulleys to raise animals and scenery to the arena floor.
- Velarium: The Colosseum had a retractable awning, known as the velarium, that provided shade to spectators. It was operated by sailors from the Roman navy.
- Arena: The arena floor was made of wood and covered with sand (Latin: harena) to absorb blood. It could be flooded for mock naval battles, although this was likely done only a few times due to the complexity.
Historical Significance
- Entertainment and Social Control: The Colosseum served as a venue for entertaining the Roman populace and demonstrating the power and generosity of the emperors. It played a role in the social and political life of Rome, offering a way to appease and control the masses.
- Decline: After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Colosseum fell into neglect. It was damaged by earthquakes and used as a quarry for building materials. Despite this, it remained a prominent feature of Rome’s landscape.
Preservation and Tourism
- Restoration Efforts: Various restoration efforts have been undertaken since the 18th century to preserve the Colosseum. Modern efforts focus on stabilizing the structure and mitigating damage caused by pollution and natural wear.
- Tourist Attraction: The Colosseum is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world. Drawing millions of visitors each year. It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognized for its historical and cultural significance.
- Cultural Symbol: The Colosseum is an enduring symbol of the might and ingenuity of the Roman Empire. It appears in numerous works of art, literature, and media, and continues to be a source of fascination and inspiration.
Modern Use
- Events and Commemorations: The Colosseum is occasionally used for concerts, religious ceremonies, and cultural events. It stands as a monument to the architectural and engineering prowess of ancient Rome and a testament to its enduring legacy.
The Colosseum’s grandeur and historical importance make it one of the most remarkable structures from antiquity. Reflecting the complexities and achievements of Roman civilization
6. Chichen Itza
Chichen Itza is one of the most important archaeological sites in Mexico and a significant relic of the ancient Maya civilization. Located in the Yucatán Peninsula. It was a major center of political and economic activity from the 7th to the 10th centuries. Here are some key points about Chichen Itza:
Historical Background
- Origins: Chichen Itza was established around the 6th century AD. It became a major regional capital during the Late Classic to Early Postclassic periods (roughly AD 600-1200).
- Maya-Toltec Influence: The site shows influences from both Maya and Toltec cultures, reflecting the interactions and conquests that occurred during its peak.
Architectural Highlights
- El Castillo (Temple of Kukulcán): The most famous structure at Chichen Itza is El Castillo, also known as the Temple of Kukulcán. This pyramid has 365 steps, corresponding to the days of the solar year. During the equinoxes, the play of light and shadow creates the illusion of a serpent descending the staircase.
- Great Ball Court: The largest and best-preserved ball court in Mesoamerica, it measures 168 meters (551 feet) long and 70 meters (230 feet) wide. It was used for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame, which held ritualistic significance.
- Temple of the Warriors: This temple is surrounded by hundreds of columns, some of which are carved with depictions of warriors. It is believed to have been a place of worship and ceremonies.
- Cenote Sagrado (Sacred Cenote): A natural sinkhole used for religious sacrifices and offerings. Archaeological finds include gold, jade, pottery, and human remains, indicating its role in rituals.
Cultural and Astronomical Significance
- Astronomical Alignment: The architecture of Chichen Itza reflects a deep understanding of astronomy. Many structures are aligned with celestial events, such as solstices and equinoxes, demonstrating the Maya’s advanced knowledge of the cosmos.
- Maya Calendar: The design of El Castillo incorporates elements of the Maya calendar. With its four staircases and 91 steps on each side adding up to 365, the number of days in a solar year.
Decline and Rediscovery
- Decline: Chichen Itza began to decline around the 13th century for reasons not entirely understood. It was abandoned by the time the Spanish arrived in the 16th century.
- Rediscovery: The site was largely forgotten until it was rediscovered by explorers and archaeologists in the 19th century. Excavations and restorations have been ongoing since then, revealing its historical and cultural significance.
UNESCO World Heritage Site
- Designation: Chichen Itza was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988, recognizing its importance as a cultural treasure and a symbol of the Maya civilization.
- New Seven Wonders of the World: In 2007, Chichen Itza was named one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in a global poll, further highlighting its global significance.
Tourism and Preservation
- Popular Attraction: Chichen Itza attracts millions of tourists annually, making it one of the most visited archaeological sites in Mexico. Efforts are made to manage tourism to protect the site.
- Conservation Efforts: Preservation projects aim to protect Chichen Itza from environmental and human-induced damage. Ongoing archaeological research continues to uncover more about the site’s history and the Maya civilization.
Cultural Impact
- In Popular Culture: Chichen Itza has been featured in numerous documentaries, books, and films, enhancing its fame and intrigue. Its iconic structures, especially El Castillo, are often depicted in media about ancient civilizations.
Chichen Itza stands as a testament to the architectural, astronomical, and cultural achievements of the ancient Maya civilization, offering valuable insights into their way of life and their contributions to human history.
7. Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu is one of the most renowned archaeological sites in the world, often referred to as the “Lost City of the Incas.” Located in the Andes Mountains of Peru, it stands as a testament to the ingenuity and architectural prowess of the Inca civilization. Here are some key points about Machu Picchu:
Historical Background
- Construction: Machu Picchu was built in the 15th century during the reign of the Inca emperor Pachacuti (1438–1472). It is believed to have been constructed as an estate for Pachacuti.
- Location: The site is situated on a mountain ridge at an altitude of about 2,430 meters (7,970 feet) above sea level. This site are overlooking the Urubamba River valley.
- Discovery: Although known locally, Machu Picchu was largely unknown to the outside world until American historian Hiram Bingham brought it to international attention in 1911.
Architectural Features
- Terraces: Machu Picchu is renowned for its extensive terraces, which were used for agriculture and soil conservation. These terraces prevented landslides and erosion, showcasing the Incas’ advanced agricultural techniques.
- Structures: The site contains over 200 buildings, including temples, palaces, and residential structures. Notable buildings include the Temple of the Sun, the Room of the Three Windows, and the Intihuatana stone.
- Construction Techniques: The Incas employed precise stone-cutting techniques, fitting stones together without mortar in a method known as ashlar masonry. This construction method has helped many structures withstand earthquakes.
Purpose and Function
- Royal Estate: Machu Picchu is believed to have served as a royal estate for the Inca emperor and his retinue. It may have also been a religious site, given the presence of temples and ritual structures.
- Religious Significance: The site is thought to have had astronomical and religious importance. The Intihuatana stone, for example, is an astronomical clock or calendar used by the Incas.
Discovery and Preservation
- Rediscovery: Hiram Bingham, guided by local indigenous farmers, rediscovered Machu Picchu in 1911. His subsequent publications and photos brought global attention to the site.
- UNESCO World Heritage Site: In 1983, Machu Picchu was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognized for its cultural and historical significance.
- New Seven Wonders of the World: In 2007, Machu Picchu was voted one of the New Seven Wonders of the World, highlighting its global importance and appeal.
Tourism and Accessibility
- Popular Destination: Machu Picchu attracts over a million visitors each year. Tourists typically reach the site via the Inca Trail. A multi-day trek, or by train from Cusco to the town of Aguas Calientes, followed by a bus ride up to the site.
- Sustainable Tourism: Efforts are made to balance tourism with preservation. It including limits on the number of daily visitors and initiatives to protect the site from environmental and human impact.
Cultural Impact
- In Popular Culture: Machu Picchu has been featured in numerous films, documentaries, and books. Its becoming an iconic symbol of the Inca civilization and South American history.
- Scientific Research: Ongoing archaeological and historical research continues to uncover new information about Machu Picchu and the Inca civilization, deepening our understanding of its purpose and significance.
Preservation Efforts
- Conservation Challenges: Machu Picchu faces challenges from natural erosion, weather conditions, and the impact of tourism. Conservation efforts focus on maintaining the site’s structural integrity and protecting its natural surroundings.
- Community Involvement: Local communities and authorities are actively involved in preserving Machu Picchu. Its promoting sustainable tourism, and ensuring that the site remains a valuable cultural heritage for future generations.
Machu Picchu stands as a remarkable achievement of the Inca civilization. It is offering a glimpse into their advanced engineering, architectural skills, and cultural practices. Its breathtaking location and historical significance make it one of the most treasured archaeological sites in the world.
